diff --git a/src/ai/mod.rs b/src/ai/mod.rs
index f60e553..5414e69 100644
--- a/src/ai/mod.rs
+++ b/src/ai/mod.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ pub mod handlers;
 pub mod insight_generator;
 pub mod llm_client;
 pub mod ollama;
+pub mod openrouter;
 pub mod sms_client;
 
 // strip_summary_boilerplate is used by binaries (test_daily_summary), not the library
diff --git a/src/ai/openrouter.rs b/src/ai/openrouter.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c46852
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ai/openrouter.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,727 @@
+// First consumer lands in a later PR (hybrid backend routing). Tests exercise
+// the translation helpers directly.
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result, anyhow, bail};
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use reqwest::Client;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+use crate::ai::llm_client::{
+    ChatMessage, LlmClient, ModelCapabilities, Tool, ToolCall, ToolCallFunction,
+};
+
+const DEFAULT_BASE_URL: &str = "https://openrouter.ai/api/v1";
+const DEFAULT_EMBEDDING_MODEL: &str = "openai/text-embedding-3-small";
+const CACHE_DURATION_SECS: u64 = 15 * 60;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct CachedEntry<T> {
+    data: T,
+    cached_at: Instant,
+}
+
+impl<T> CachedEntry<T> {
+    fn new(data: T) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            data,
+            cached_at: Instant::now(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_expired(&self) -> bool {
+        self.cached_at.elapsed().as_secs() > CACHE_DURATION_SECS
+    }
+}
+
+lazy_static::lazy_static! {
+    static ref MODEL_CAPABILITIES_CACHE: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, CachedEntry<Vec<ModelCapabilities>>>>> =
+        Arc::new(Mutex::new(HashMap::new()));
+}
+
+/// OpenAI-compatible client for OpenRouter (https://openrouter.ai).
+///
+/// Translates canonical `ChatMessage` / `Tool` shapes to OpenAI wire format:
+/// - Tool-call `arguments` serialized as JSON-encoded strings (vs Ollama's
+///   native JSON).
+/// - Image content rewritten into content-parts array with `image_url` entries.
+/// - `role=tool` messages attach a `tool_call_id` inferred from the preceding
+///   assistant turn's tool call.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct OpenRouterClient {
+    client: Client,
+    pub api_key: String,
+    pub base_url: String,
+    pub primary_model: String,
+    pub embedding_model: String,
+    num_ctx: Option<i32>,
+    temperature: Option<f32>,
+    top_p: Option<f32>,
+    top_k: Option<i32>,
+    min_p: Option<f32>,
+    /// Optional `HTTP-Referer` header OpenRouter uses for attribution.
+    pub referer: Option<String>,
+    /// Optional `X-Title` header OpenRouter uses for attribution.
+    pub app_title: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl OpenRouterClient {
+    pub fn new(api_key: String, base_url: Option<String>, primary_model: String) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            client: Client::builder()
+                .connect_timeout(Duration::from_secs(10))
+                .timeout(Duration::from_secs(180))
+                .build()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|_| Client::new()),
+            api_key,
+            base_url: base_url.unwrap_or_else(|| DEFAULT_BASE_URL.to_string()),
+            primary_model,
+            embedding_model: DEFAULT_EMBEDDING_MODEL.to_string(),
+            num_ctx: None,
+            temperature: None,
+            top_p: None,
+            top_k: None,
+            min_p: None,
+            referer: None,
+            app_title: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_embedding_model(&mut self, model: String) {
+        self.embedding_model = model;
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn set_num_ctx(&mut self, num_ctx: Option<i32>) {
+        self.num_ctx = num_ctx;
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn set_sampling_params(
+        &mut self,
+        temperature: Option<f32>,
+        top_p: Option<f32>,
+        top_k: Option<i32>,
+        min_p: Option<f32>,
+    ) {
+        self.temperature = temperature;
+        self.top_p = top_p;
+        self.top_k = top_k;
+        self.min_p = min_p;
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_attribution(&mut self, referer: Option<String>, app_title: Option<String>) {
+        self.referer = referer;
+        self.app_title = app_title;
+    }
+
+    fn authed(&self, builder: reqwest::RequestBuilder) -> reqwest::RequestBuilder {
+        let mut b = builder.bearer_auth(&self.api_key);
+        if let Some(r) = &self.referer {
+            b = b.header("HTTP-Referer", r);
+        }
+        if let Some(t) = &self.app_title {
+            b = b.header("X-Title", t);
+        }
+        b
+    }
+
+    /// Translate canonical messages to the OpenAI-compatible wire shape.
+    ///
+    /// Walks in order so it can attach `tool_call_id` to `role=tool` messages
+    /// based on the most recent assistant turn's tool call.
+    fn messages_to_openai(messages: &[ChatMessage]) -> Vec<Value> {
+        let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(messages.len());
+        let mut last_tool_call_ids: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+        let mut next_tool_result_idx: usize = 0;
+
+        for msg in messages {
+            let mut obj = serde_json::Map::new();
+            obj.insert("role".into(), Value::String(msg.role.clone()));
+
+            // Content: string OR content-parts array (when images present).
+            match &msg.images {
+                Some(images) if !images.is_empty() => {
+                    let mut parts: Vec<Value> = Vec::new();
+                    if !msg.content.is_empty() {
+                        parts.push(json!({"type": "text", "text": msg.content}));
+                    }
+                    for img in images {
+                        let url = image_to_data_url(img);
+                        parts.push(json!({
+                            "type": "image_url",
+                            "image_url": { "url": url }
+                        }));
+                    }
+                    obj.insert("content".into(), Value::Array(parts));
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    obj.insert("content".into(), Value::String(msg.content.clone()));
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Assistant message with tool_calls: stringify arguments, remember
+            // the ids so the subsequent tool messages can reference them.
+            if let Some(tcs) = &msg.tool_calls
+                && msg.role == "assistant"
+            {
+                let converted: Vec<Value> = tcs
+                    .iter()
+                    .enumerate()
+                    .map(|(i, call)| {
+                        let id = call.id.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| format!("call_{}", i));
+                        let args_str = serde_json::to_string(&call.function.arguments)
+                            .unwrap_or_else(|_| "{}".to_string());
+                        json!({
+                            "id": id,
+                            "type": "function",
+                            "function": {
+                                "name": call.function.name,
+                                "arguments": args_str,
+                            }
+                        })
+                    })
+                    .collect();
+                last_tool_call_ids = converted
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter_map(|v| v.get("id").and_then(|x| x.as_str()).map(String::from))
+                    .collect();
+                next_tool_result_idx = 0;
+                obj.insert("tool_calls".into(), Value::Array(converted));
+            }
+
+            // Tool result messages: attach tool_call_id from the last assistant turn.
+            if msg.role == "tool" {
+                let id = last_tool_call_ids
+                    .get(next_tool_result_idx)
+                    .cloned()
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "call_0".to_string());
+                obj.insert("tool_call_id".into(), Value::String(id));
+                next_tool_result_idx += 1;
+            }
+
+            out.push(Value::Object(obj));
+        }
+
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// Parse an OpenAI-compatible assistant message back into canonical shape.
+    fn openai_message_to_chat(msg: &Value) -> Result<ChatMessage> {
+        let obj = msg
+            .as_object()
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("response message is not an object"))?;
+        let role = obj
+            .get("role")
+            .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
+            .unwrap_or("assistant")
+            .to_string();
+        let content = obj
+            .get("content")
+            .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
+            .unwrap_or("")
+            .to_string();
+
+        let tool_calls = if let Some(tcs) = obj.get("tool_calls").and_then(|v| v.as_array()) {
+            let mut parsed = Vec::with_capacity(tcs.len());
+            for tc in tcs {
+                let id = tc.get("id").and_then(|v| v.as_str()).map(String::from);
+                let function = tc
+                    .get("function")
+                    .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("tool_call missing function field"))?;
+                let name = function
+                    .get("name")
+                    .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
+                    .unwrap_or_default()
+                    .to_string();
+                let args_value = match function.get("arguments") {
+                    // OpenAI-compat: stringified JSON.
+                    Some(Value::String(s)) => {
+                        serde_json::from_str::<Value>(s).unwrap_or_else(|_| json!({}))
+                    }
+                    // Some providers emit arguments as an object directly — accept both.
+                    Some(v @ Value::Object(_)) => v.clone(),
+                    _ => json!({}),
+                };
+                parsed.push(ToolCall {
+                    id,
+                    function: ToolCallFunction {
+                        name,
+                        arguments: args_value,
+                    },
+                });
+            }
+            Some(parsed)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        Ok(ChatMessage {
+            role,
+            content,
+            tool_calls,
+            images: None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn build_options(&self) -> Vec<(&'static str, Value)> {
+        let mut v = Vec::new();
+        if let Some(t) = self.temperature {
+            v.push(("temperature", json!(t)));
+        }
+        if let Some(p) = self.top_p {
+            v.push(("top_p", json!(p)));
+        }
+        if let Some(k) = self.top_k {
+            v.push(("top_k", json!(k)));
+        }
+        if let Some(m) = self.min_p {
+            v.push(("min_p", json!(m)));
+        }
+        if let Some(c) = self.num_ctx {
+            // OpenAI uses max_tokens for generation bound; num_ctx isn't
+            // directly transferable. Skip rather than silently mis-map.
+            let _ = c;
+        }
+        v
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl LlmClient for OpenRouterClient {
+    async fn generate(
+        &self,
+        prompt: &str,
+        system: Option<&str>,
+        images: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    ) -> Result<String> {
+        let mut messages: Vec<ChatMessage> = Vec::new();
+        if let Some(sys) = system {
+            messages.push(ChatMessage::system(sys));
+        }
+        let mut user = ChatMessage::user(prompt);
+        user.images = images;
+        messages.push(user);
+
+        let (reply, _, _) = self.chat_with_tools(messages, Vec::new()).await?;
+        Ok(reply.content)
+    }
+
+    async fn chat_with_tools(
+        &self,
+        messages: Vec<ChatMessage>,
+        tools: Vec<Tool>,
+    ) -> Result<(ChatMessage, Option<i32>, Option<i32>)> {
+        let url = format!("{}/chat/completions", self.base_url);
+        let mut body = serde_json::Map::new();
+        body.insert("model".into(), Value::String(self.primary_model.clone()));
+        body.insert(
+            "messages".into(),
+            Value::Array(Self::messages_to_openai(&messages)),
+        );
+        body.insert("stream".into(), Value::Bool(false));
+        if !tools.is_empty() {
+            body.insert(
+                "tools".into(),
+                serde_json::to_value(&tools).context("serializing tools")?,
+            );
+        }
+        for (k, v) in self.build_options() {
+            body.insert(k.into(), v);
+        }
+
+        log::info!(
+            "OpenRouter chat_with_tools: model={} messages={} tools={}",
+            self.primary_model,
+            messages.len(),
+            tools.len()
+        );
+
+        let resp = self
+            .authed(self.client.post(&url))
+            .json(&Value::Object(body))
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("POST {} failed", url))?;
+
+        if !resp.status().is_success() {
+            let status = resp.status();
+            let body = resp.text().await.unwrap_or_default();
+            bail!("OpenRouter chat request failed: {} — {}", status, body);
+        }
+
+        let parsed: Value = resp.json().await.context("parsing chat response")?;
+        let choice = parsed
+            .get("choices")
+            .and_then(|v| v.as_array())
+            .and_then(|a| a.first())
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("response missing choices[0]"))?;
+        let msg = choice
+            .get("message")
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("choices[0] missing message"))?;
+        let chat_msg = Self::openai_message_to_chat(msg)?;
+
+        let usage = parsed.get("usage");
+        let prompt_tokens = usage
+            .and_then(|u| u.get("prompt_tokens"))
+            .and_then(|v| v.as_i64())
+            .map(|n| n as i32);
+        let completion_tokens = usage
+            .and_then(|u| u.get("completion_tokens"))
+            .and_then(|v| v.as_i64())
+            .map(|n| n as i32);
+
+        Ok((chat_msg, prompt_tokens, completion_tokens))
+    }
+
+    async fn generate_embeddings(&self, texts: &[&str]) -> Result<Vec<Vec<f32>>> {
+        let url = format!("{}/embeddings", self.base_url);
+        let body = json!({
+            "model": self.embedding_model,
+            "input": texts,
+        });
+
+        let resp = self
+            .authed(self.client.post(&url))
+            .json(&body)
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("POST {} failed", url))?;
+
+        if !resp.status().is_success() {
+            let status = resp.status();
+            let body = resp.text().await.unwrap_or_default();
+            bail!("OpenRouter embedding request failed: {} — {}", status, body);
+        }
+
+        #[derive(Deserialize)]
+        struct EmbedResponse {
+            data: Vec<EmbedItem>,
+        }
+        #[derive(Deserialize)]
+        struct EmbedItem {
+            embedding: Vec<f32>,
+        }
+
+        let parsed: EmbedResponse = resp.json().await.context("parsing embed response")?;
+        Ok(parsed.data.into_iter().map(|i| i.embedding).collect())
+    }
+
+    async fn describe_image(&self, image_base64: &str) -> Result<String> {
+        let prompt = "Briefly describe what you see in this image in 1-2 sentences. \
+                      Focus on the people, location, and activity.";
+        self.generate(
+            prompt,
+            Some("You are a scene description assistant. Be concise and factual."),
+            Some(vec![image_base64.to_string()]),
+        )
+        .await
+    }
+
+    async fn list_models(&self) -> Result<Vec<ModelCapabilities>> {
+        {
+            let cache = MODEL_CAPABILITIES_CACHE.lock().unwrap();
+            if let Some(entry) = cache.get(&self.base_url)
+                && !entry.is_expired()
+            {
+                return Ok(entry.data.clone());
+            }
+        }
+
+        let url = format!("{}/models", self.base_url);
+        let resp = self
+            .authed(self.client.get(&url))
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("GET {} failed", url))?;
+
+        if !resp.status().is_success() {
+            let status = resp.status();
+            let body = resp.text().await.unwrap_or_default();
+            bail!("OpenRouter list_models failed: {} — {}", status, body);
+        }
+
+        let parsed: Value = resp.json().await.context("parsing models response")?;
+        let data = parsed
+            .get("data")
+            .and_then(|v| v.as_array())
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("models response missing data[]"))?;
+
+        let caps: Vec<ModelCapabilities> = data.iter().map(parse_model_capabilities).collect();
+
+        {
+            let mut cache = MODEL_CAPABILITIES_CACHE.lock().unwrap();
+            cache.insert(self.base_url.clone(), CachedEntry::new(caps.clone()));
+        }
+
+        Ok(caps)
+    }
+
+    async fn model_capabilities(&self, model: &str) -> Result<ModelCapabilities> {
+        let all = self.list_models().await?;
+        all.into_iter()
+            .find(|m| m.name == model)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("model '{}' not found on OpenRouter", model))
+    }
+
+    fn primary_model(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.primary_model
+    }
+}
+
+/// Build a `data:` URL if the provided string is raw base64, otherwise pass it through.
+fn image_to_data_url(img: &str) -> String {
+    if img.starts_with("data:") {
+        img.to_string()
+    } else {
+        format!("data:image/jpeg;base64,{}", img)
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_model_capabilities(m: &Value) -> ModelCapabilities {
+    let name = m
+        .get("id")
+        .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+        .to_string();
+    let has_tool_calling = m
+        .get("supported_parameters")
+        .and_then(|v| v.as_array())
+        .map(|arr| arr.iter().any(|x| x.as_str() == Some("tools")))
+        .unwrap_or(false);
+    let has_vision = m
+        .get("architecture")
+        .and_then(|v| v.get("input_modalities"))
+        .and_then(|v| v.as_array())
+        .map(|arr| arr.iter().any(|x| x.as_str() == Some("image")))
+        .unwrap_or(false);
+    ModelCapabilities {
+        name,
+        has_vision,
+        has_tool_calling,
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tool_call_arguments_stringified_on_send() {
+        let mut msg = ChatMessage {
+            role: "assistant".into(),
+            content: String::new(),
+            tool_calls: Some(vec![ToolCall {
+                id: Some("call_abc".into()),
+                function: ToolCallFunction {
+                    name: "search_sms".into(),
+                    arguments: json!({"query": "hello", "limit": 5}),
+                },
+            }]),
+            images: None,
+        };
+        msg.tool_calls.as_mut().unwrap()[0].function.arguments =
+            json!({"query": "hello", "limit": 5});
+
+        let wire = OpenRouterClient::messages_to_openai(&[msg]);
+        let tcs = wire[0]
+            .get("tool_calls")
+            .and_then(|v| v.as_array())
+            .expect("tool_calls present");
+        let args = tcs[0]
+            .get("function")
+            .and_then(|f| f.get("arguments"))
+            .and_then(|a| a.as_str())
+            .expect("arguments stringified");
+        let parsed: Value = serde_json::from_str(args).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(parsed["query"], "hello");
+        assert_eq!(parsed["limit"], 5);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tool_call_arguments_parsed_on_receive() {
+        let response_msg = json!({
+            "role": "assistant",
+            "content": "",
+            "tool_calls": [{
+                "id": "call_xyz",
+                "type": "function",
+                "function": {
+                    "name": "get_weather",
+                    "arguments": "{\"city\":\"Boston\",\"units\":\"celsius\"}"
+                }
+            }]
+        });
+
+        let parsed = OpenRouterClient::openai_message_to_chat(&response_msg).unwrap();
+        let tcs = parsed.tool_calls.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(tcs.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(tcs[0].function.name, "get_weather");
+        assert_eq!(tcs[0].function.arguments["city"], "Boston");
+        assert_eq!(tcs[0].function.arguments["units"], "celsius");
+        assert_eq!(tcs[0].id.as_deref(), Some("call_xyz"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tool_call_arguments_accept_native_json_on_receive() {
+        // Some providers return arguments as an object directly; accept both.
+        let response_msg = json!({
+            "role": "assistant",
+            "content": "",
+            "tool_calls": [{
+                "id": "call_1",
+                "type": "function",
+                "function": {
+                    "name": "foo",
+                    "arguments": {"nested": {"k": 1}}
+                }
+            }]
+        });
+        let parsed = OpenRouterClient::openai_message_to_chat(&response_msg).unwrap();
+        let tc = &parsed.tool_calls.unwrap()[0];
+        assert_eq!(tc.function.arguments["nested"]["k"], 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn images_become_content_parts() {
+        let mut msg = ChatMessage::user("What is in this photo?");
+        msg.images = Some(vec!["BASE64DATA".into()]);
+
+        let wire = OpenRouterClient::messages_to_openai(&[msg]);
+        let content = wire[0].get("content").and_then(|v| v.as_array()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(content.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(content[0]["type"], "text");
+        assert_eq!(content[0]["text"], "What is in this photo?");
+        assert_eq!(content[1]["type"], "image_url");
+        assert_eq!(
+            content[1]["image_url"]["url"],
+            "data:image/jpeg;base64,BASE64DATA"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn data_url_images_pass_through_unchanged() {
+        let mut msg = ChatMessage::user("");
+        msg.images = Some(vec!["data:image/png;base64,ABCDEF".into()]);
+        let wire = OpenRouterClient::messages_to_openai(&[msg]);
+        let content = wire[0].get("content").and_then(|v| v.as_array()).unwrap();
+        // No text part when content is empty.
+        assert_eq!(content.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(
+            content[0]["image_url"]["url"],
+            "data:image/png;base64,ABCDEF"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn text_only_message_stays_string() {
+        let msg = ChatMessage::user("hello");
+        let wire = OpenRouterClient::messages_to_openai(&[msg]);
+        assert_eq!(wire[0]["content"], "hello");
+        assert!(wire[0]["content"].as_str().is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tool_result_inherits_tool_call_id_from_prior_assistant() {
+        let assistant = ChatMessage {
+            role: "assistant".into(),
+            content: String::new(),
+            tool_calls: Some(vec![ToolCall {
+                id: Some("call_42".into()),
+                function: ToolCallFunction {
+                    name: "lookup".into(),
+                    arguments: json!({}),
+                },
+            }]),
+            images: None,
+        };
+        let tool_result = ChatMessage::tool_result("found it");
+
+        let wire = OpenRouterClient::messages_to_openai(&[assistant, tool_result]);
+        assert_eq!(wire[1]["role"], "tool");
+        assert_eq!(wire[1]["tool_call_id"], "call_42");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn multiple_tool_results_map_to_sequential_call_ids() {
+        let assistant = ChatMessage {
+            role: "assistant".into(),
+            content: String::new(),
+            tool_calls: Some(vec![
+                ToolCall {
+                    id: Some("call_A".into()),
+                    function: ToolCallFunction {
+                        name: "a".into(),
+                        arguments: json!({}),
+                    },
+                },
+                ToolCall {
+                    id: Some("call_B".into()),
+                    function: ToolCallFunction {
+                        name: "b".into(),
+                        arguments: json!({}),
+                    },
+                },
+            ]),
+            images: None,
+        };
+        let r1 = ChatMessage::tool_result("a result");
+        let r2 = ChatMessage::tool_result("b result");
+
+        let wire = OpenRouterClient::messages_to_openai(&[assistant, r1, r2]);
+        assert_eq!(wire[1]["tool_call_id"], "call_A");
+        assert_eq!(wire[2]["tool_call_id"], "call_B");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_tool_call_id_gets_synthetic_fallback() {
+        let assistant = ChatMessage {
+            role: "assistant".into(),
+            content: String::new(),
+            tool_calls: Some(vec![ToolCall {
+                id: None,
+                function: ToolCallFunction {
+                    name: "noid".into(),
+                    arguments: json!({}),
+                },
+            }]),
+            images: None,
+        };
+        let wire = OpenRouterClient::messages_to_openai(&[assistant]);
+        let tcs = wire[0]
+            .get("tool_calls")
+            .and_then(|v| v.as_array())
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(tcs[0]["id"], "call_0");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_model_capabilities_extracts_tools_and_vision() {
+        let m = json!({
+            "id": "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4",
+            "supported_parameters": ["temperature", "top_p", "tools", "max_tokens"],
+            "architecture": {
+                "input_modalities": ["text", "image"]
+            }
+        });
+        let caps = parse_model_capabilities(&m);
+        assert_eq!(caps.name, "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4");
+        assert!(caps.has_tool_calling);
+        assert!(caps.has_vision);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_model_capabilities_handles_missing_fields() {
+        let m = json!({
+            "id": "some/text-only-model"
+        });
+        let caps = parse_model_capabilities(&m);
+        assert_eq!(caps.name, "some/text-only-model");
+        assert!(!caps.has_tool_calling);
+        assert!(!caps.has_vision);
+    }
+}